A. Human Brucellosis

· Brucellosis Is Considered To Be A Significant Public Health Problem In India.

· Fewer Than 10% Of The Human Cases Of Brucellosis In India May Be Clinically Recognized And Treated Or Reported.

· Most Common Symptoms Are Intermittent Fever, Joint Pain And Swelling , Sweating, Dizziness, Headaches, Chest And Abdominal Pain Etc, Though There Are A Wide Range Of Symptoms That Can Be Seen.

· Humans Get Infection By Drinking Raw Milk Of Infected Animal Or By Contact With Infected Secretions Through Skin Or Mucous Membranes, Especially Conjunctiva. (See Chapter D In Section Iv On Bovine Brucellosis)

· Accidental Injection With S 19 Vaccine Could Also Lead To Infection.

B. Human Tuberculosis

· The Disease In Humans Caused By Bovine Tb (Btb) (See Chapter B Of Section V For Btb) And Human Tb Bacteria Are Identical With Respect To Clinical Symptoms And Lesions And Would Require Complex Tests To Distinguish Them.

· The Importance Of Human Tb Bacterium As A Reverse Zoonosis (Causing Infection In Animals) Is Also Gaining Prominence With Reports Humans And Bovines Respectively Having Mixed Infections With Both Btb And Human Tb Organisms.

· There May Be No Symptoms Till The Disease Is Quite Advanced. The Common Symptoms Are Cough, Loss Of Weight, Poor Appetite Etc.

· Humans Get The Infection By Drinking Contaminated Milk From Infected Animals Or By Close Contact With Infected Animals.

C. Leptospirosis

· Cattle Are One Of The Principal Hosts For Leptospirosis.

· Infection In Humans Is Most Likely To Occur By Contact With Contaminated Urine Or Uterine Contents And By Milking Infected Cattle. Infection Rate Is Also Higher In Monsoon Months.

· The Most Common Symptoms Are Fever, Headache, Nausea , Vomiting, Diarrhoea , Jaundice , Body Rashes Etc.

D. Gastro-Intestinal Zoonotic Diseases

· There Are Various Zoonotic Diseases Affecting The Intestinal Tract. Some Examples Are Infections With Salmonella, E.Coli, Campylobacter, Rota Virus, Cryptosporidium And Giardia.

· The Infection Occurs Through The Faucal-Oral Route Which Is Always A Possible Route Of Contamination In The Rural Environs Where Close Contact With Cattle Is Common.

· The Young, Malnourished, Immuno-Compromised And Pregnant Women Are Usually More Susceptible.

· The Common Symptoms In Gastro-Intestinal Zoonotic Diseases Are Fever, Diarrhoea, Loss Of Appetite , Weight Loss, Dehydration Etc.

E. Tick Borne Zoonotic Diseases

· Tick-Borne Infections Have Been Reported From Various Regions Of Our Country And Are A Group Of Zoonotic Diseases That Requires Attention.

· They May Be Difficult To Diagnose Due To Their Non-Specific Signs And Symptoms.

· The Possibility Of These Infections Being Prevalent Cannot Be Discounted With People Living In Close Proximity With Cattle (With Moderate To High Loads Of Ticks On Them). Babesiosis, Rickettsia Infections And Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Cchf) Are Some Of The Examples Of Tick Borne Infections.